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Death Of A Salesman And Freuds Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2049 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/27 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Death Of A Salesman Essay Sigmund Freud Essay Did you like this example? Death of a Salesman in Relation to Freuds Analysis of Id, Ego, and Superego The complexities of human nature and familial relationships drive Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman. Though perhaps not deliberately meant as a psychological drama in the Freudian sense, Miller nonetheless has provided decades of analysis of human relationships via this play. The playwright created perfect vehicles for analysing human traits through a dysfunctional family whose actions and interrelationships magnify the basic Freudian concept of the human psyche. Throughout the play, Miller delineates intense drama that compares to what Freud labelled basic human components which govern an individuals entire behavioural pattern: the id, ego, and superego (Freud, Ego 10). These human elements are woven around a family whose central father figure, Willy Loman, an overly conflicted sixty-something salesman, drives and divides his family through psychological interplay, particularly between himself and his son Biff. Willy Lomans id, that part of Freuds most basic aspect of human development, refuses to accept the idea of failure. He possesses the innate idea that life is about taking what is wanted, what is needed in order to make a good impression. He passes this attitude to his sons, Biff and Happy (Harold), and their lives reflect this uncontrolled id. They appear to be guided by what Freud determined as the pleasure principle or the id which demands immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs (Cherry, 1). The real dilemma emerges when these needs are not instantaneously met. Anxiety, depression, and tension result. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Death Of A Salesman And Freuds Analysis" essay for you Create order In Arthur Millers description of the sons, he draws the picture of two well-built, athletic young men who are lost. Biffs mother comments that Biff is just lost, has not found himself yet; that is the reason he came back from Texas, no steady job, nothing certain in his life (Miller 8). The reasons for this discomfort in Biffs life emerge throughout the play. On the other hand, Happy appears more content, a powerfully built, sexually attractive young man, but underneath his outward display of bravado, Happy too has no direction in life. This becomes more evident when the two brothers talk about life in their old shared bedroom. Happy insists that 500 women would like to know what was said in this room (Miller 11). The talk continues in this vein interspersed with comments from their father who is actually talking to himself about days gone by in another part of the house. However, all the conversation and sub-talk demonstrate that none of the three grasp the idea that every need and desire cannot be immediately satisfied. To counter these three, Miller draws other characters into the action, Willy Lomans wife Linda attempts to drag her husband back to reality but with a gentleness borne of love. As Freud explained, the its control mechanism comes in the form of the ego which develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world (Freud, Childhood 3). Miller puts Linda in as a surrogate ego for her husband. However, Linda is not the only character attempting to draw Willy and the boys into reality, his neighbour and the only friend I have helps Willy with money and offered friendship (Miller 71). Willys id allows him to take weekly money from Charley, the immediate needs of paying bills and gratification must be met, but his ego refuses to accept the reality that he, Willy Loman, is not the greatest salesman ever and therefore cannot even bring himself to believe he failed as a salesman and accept a job offered by his only friend Charley. Happy is drawn into the Willy world too. He cannot face the reality that he is not a top manager in his work, but merely as Biff reminds him late in the play, a lowly third level errand boy. Happys sense of reality is underdeveloped, his ego suppresses itself in the id, the childlike man whose gratifications come from sexual exploits and he brags about these to his brother. His bragging rights extend to the fact that he knocks over women who are engaged to be married to his managers, this is the third executive Ive done it to (Miller 15). While the boys reminisce and cover their own inadequacies with false bravado, their father and mother play out the drama of id and ego in other parts of the house. Linda placates her husband, she loves him although underneath she recognizes his weaknesses and faults, but she refuses to let Willy down. In this she is keeping the id, the child in Willy alive, rather than allowing him to grow up, to let his conscience develop and recognize that reality kicks in and must be faced. For example in an early bedroom scene, Willy is facing himself in the mirror and he does not like his reflection. Im fat, or I talk too much comments in this vein and Linda, out of a misplaced sense of love, says he is the handsomest man (Miller 24). Linda infantilizes her husband; she only wants to keep his dreams alive, afraid that if he faces reality, he will self-destruct. Neither his sons nor Willy himself manage to adapt to reality. This becomes more evident throughout the drama as the tension between Willy and his beloved son Biff draw to a head. Biff admits to his brother that he drifts from job to job, held more than twenty or thirty jobs since he left home before the war (Miller 13). But every time Biff works himself to a point of facing reality, his brother or mother, his pal, will not let this happen (Miller 38-39). They fear Willys reaction as he still envisions Biff as the high school athlete, the hero destined for great things (Miller 44-45). As Biff attempts to face reality, allow his conscience to come full circle, his attempts are thwarted by Linda and Biff. What Miller leads up to in the drama is the tension between Biff and his father which revolves around an incident that destroyed Biff when he was only seventeen and was the underlying reason for calling Willy a fake. This conflict and tension exploded when Biff was turning a corner at age seventeen from an overdeveloped id to a fractional ego (Padel 270). Finding his father in a Boston hotel room with a woman cracked Biffs delicate sense of reality and from that moment he drifted, left home, left any prospects of college, or becoming a football star. Biffs budding ego deflated at the sight of his fathers promiscuity, betrayal of Linda, from which he ran for over seventeen years (Brenner 400). Miller leaves his audience to determine if Biff returned home because as he himself admits Im no good and further announces his thievery, time in jail for this crime, and wishes finally to face reality, by begging Willy to let me go (Miller 99). The next level in Freuds psychological profile is the superego. According to Brenner this superego is a functionally separable structure (Brenner 397). The superego rules standards for good behaviour (Cherry 3). Because the superego holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals and is the last component of Freuds behavioural model to develop, Biffs return to confront Willy after seventeen years away demonstrate perhaps that he finally recognized the path toward personal redemption (Cherry 4; Brenner 400). While Biff struggles with this newly discovered sense of right or moral behaviour, his father and brother debase him for facing this challenge (Miller 98-100). Linda too refuses to allow anyone, even her beloved Biff, to present this reality challenge to Willy. Rather than accept that Biff is struggling to find a moral compass, Linda turns away from her son, demanding he leave and never return (Miller 91-92). Throughout the drama, Linda and Happy and Willys friend Charley, brush away the fact that Willy failed all his life. His dreams were unattainable, as Charley says at the graveside Willy was a salesman and that a salesmans got to dream, boy. It comes with the territory (Miller 104). In those salesmans dreams Willys superego never had a chance. His dreams came in the form of his dead brother Ben who left home poor and three years later was a rich man, he had discovered diamonds in Africa. Though dead, Bens image appears to Willy during the drama, he insists that Willy should join him. Come on kid, he beckons, its a good life but not until the final scene on the cement stoop when Willy is fruitlessly planting seeds, does he listen to what his brothers image is telling him (Miller 101). This becomes Willys direction, and the tension created by his overdeveloped id which needs instant gratification, oversteps the boundaries of reality, or the ego as Willy begins to contemplate his final act (Brenner, 402; Cherry 3; Miller 100-101). Willys suicide, the Death of a Salesman, exhibits the pathos of a confused and yet loveable character. He leaves behind a wife, alone and free of debt, and who says today I made the last payment on the house, were free, were free, and therell be nobody home (Miller 104). Charley emphasizes to Biff at the graveside, that no one dast blame the man (Miller 103). Willy had his dreams, but the final analysis draws itself from Willys intent, his separation of id, ego, and superego. It becomes obvious from the plays very beginning that Willys senses of right and wrong had no real boundaries or balance. Freud made clear that he believed individuals acquire their sense of right and wrong from both parents and society (Freud, Ego 15). In the analysis of the conscious or the ego Freud maintains that even in sleep or dreams, the conscious the ego develops repressions including those which control our sense of right and wrong (Freud, Ego 17). The nature, origins, and timing of conflict and compromise formation in mental development occur at various stages of life, beginning at birth with the id, and according to Freud, the other levels of our behaviour come during an individuals earliest years. It is only the id which announces itself immediately. A baby automatically reaches for its mother for food, while parents, according to Freud, prepare the foundation of right and wrong, the ego and superego (Cherry 3-4). In Willy Lomans case, his father deserted the family when he was a young boy, his mother died and apparently Willy had little contact with her. Therefore according to Freuds theor ies, Willys senses developed by supplementing in his own mind qualities of likeability, the smile brought rewards and success. Willy brought his own boys up to believe as a gospel truth. This gospel according to Willy became a destabilizer for both Happy and Biff, however, in different ways. At the graveside, Biff acknowledges that his fathers dreams were all wrong but he, Biff, finally knows who he is. But Happy in an angry reaction to his brothers honesty rejects this reality and claims Im gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vain. He had a good dream its the only dream you can have to come out number one man. He fought it here and this is where Im gonna win it for him (Miller 104). Freuds analysis of the delicate balance between the three components of the human psyche, the id, ego, and superego regenerate in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman to be studied, analyzed, and argued over and will continue to be interrogated through the brilliance of this stunningly crafted American drama. Works Cited Brenner, Charles. Conflict, Compromise Formation, and Structural Theory. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 2002. 10. pp. 397-416. Web. Accessed June 5 2018. Cherry, Kendra. The Id, Ego and Superego. The Structural Model of Personality. 2018. Web. Accessed 5 June 2018. Freud, Sigmund. Childhood and Concealing Memories. Psychopathology of Everyday Life. Trans. by A. A. Brill. 1901. Web. Accessed 4 June 2018. Freud, Sigmund. The Ego and the Id. Trans by Joan Riviere. Hogarth Press: London, 1927. Web. Accessed 4 June 2018. Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. 1949. Web. Accessed 5 June 2018. Padel, John Hunter. Freudianism: Later Developments, in Richard Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind. Oxford, 1987. pp. 270-1. Web. Accessed 4 June 2018. Sandage, Scott A. Born Losers: A History of Failure in America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005. Print. St. Clair, Michael. Object Relations and Self Psychology: An Introduction. 2000. Brooks/Cole Counseling, an imprint of Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning. Print.

Contagious Zoonotic Viral Skin Disease - 1050 Words

Contagious Ecthyma (Orf) Sarah Woods VT5, Student December 16, 2015 Disease Name: Contagious Ecthyma (Orf) is a highly contagious zoonotic viral skin disease that affects sheep, goats and can affect other animals. The genital lesions are painful they can occur on the mouth, genital area, and feet. and happen on the mouth and muzzle. Which all together can cause anorexia or starvation. Lesions that occur on the utter can make offspring flee away. The foot lesions can make it hard to walk. In bad cases secondary bacterial infection can happen and infect the internal organs. A lot of the sever cases happen in the Boer cross goats. Which are making that were developed in south Africa for making meat. The result of death is generally low about 10% have been reported. Etiologic Agent: †¢ Results in infection by the Orf virus. Which is a member of the Genus Parapoxvirus in the family Poxviridae. †¢ Geographic Distribution: †¢ Has been found worldwide in all countries that raise sheep. In the US this disease is seen a lot in the western states. Host/Species Affected †¢ found on the skin that cause lesions and scabs or cuts. †¢ This virus can be carried by clinically normal sheep as well as sick animals. †¢ It can be transmitted by directed contact †¢ visible on the wool for about 1 month after the lesions are healed †¢ It is hard to kill and has even be discovered after 12 years under a scab †¢ There are vaccines available however theyShow MoreRelatedThe And Food Safety And Security5803 Words   |  24 Pagesand transmission. Also under which conditions it takes place and its relation to humans-animal food safety and security. Firstly, Zoonoses are those diseases that are transferred from animals to human from different medium such as bacterial, viral of an animal host. It is spreads to humans through scratch, ingestion or bite. Impact of zoonotic diseases on human civilization means a lot by shaping modern societies, governments and farming practices. 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Comparing Catherine MacKinnons Not A Moral Issue and...

Comparing Catherine MacKinnons Not A Moral Issue and Sallie Tisdale’s Talk Dirty to Me Professor’s Comment: This powerful essay contrasts the views of two feminist, Catherine MacKinnon and Sallie Tisdale, each of which perceives pornography in widely divergent ways. While MacKinnons Not A Moral Issue explains the adverse impacts of pornography to women and society as a whole, Tisdales Talk Dirty to Me: An Intimate Philosophy of Sex is receptive to pornography despite these adverse impacts, suggesting in fact that the solution to the problems associated with pornography is a greater role of women in production of that pornography. Breasts and booties, buns and knockers. Type these words into a search field and be prepared.†¦show more content†¦MacKinnons radical feminism focuses on aspects of sexuality that victimize and oppress women, whereas the liberal-minded Tisdale focuses on ways women can overcome sexual repression and achieve sexual liberation through the consummation of pornography. Catharine MacKinnon, in her article Not A Moral Issue, calls the need for feminist critique of pornography pertinent, as it is central to the institutionalization of male dominance (407). The power dynamics presented in pornography, MacKinnon believes, uphold ideologies of gender inequality. Men treat women as who they see women being. Pornography constructs who that is, she writes (MacKinnon 408). To MacKinnon, in depicting women as sexually obedient and submissive, pornography buttresses the archetypal roles of women as passive objects wanting abuse. Pornography constructs women and sex, defines what woman means and what sexuality is, in terms of each other(MacKinnon 414), she says. MacKinnon believes that pornography creates an open forum for sexual terrorism by men, in which women are discriminated against and male dominance is expected. Tisdale, on the other hand, argues for the necessity of pornography as a medium that can bring sexual freedom to men and women alike, and help defeat such stereotypical female roles of passivity and weakness. As she explains: I dont†¦ want a world in which

Member of the Wedding Free Essays

The Member of The Wedding, Carson McCullers Main Characters: Frankie Addams is a twelve year old who in the middle of a sexual and emotional awakening. She feels totally isolated and disconnected from the world all around her. She isn’t a member of any clique or group, because of this she becomes obsessed with the fact that she is going to be a member of her brother Jarvis’ wedding. We will write a custom essay sample on Member of the Wedding or any similar topic only for you Order Now Frankie puts all her hopes in dreams into this one event and plans to make. Connection with another group of people, and to disconnect herself from being lonely again. Getting away from childhood is a hard task for her and she has trouble with it, she tries to make changes on the outside to get a better impression but that is a fail. Her biggest struggle is getting over something’s that relate to being a female adult like getting her menstruation cycle and sex, Frankie is extremely ignorant when it comes to these two subjects. My first impression of Frankie is that someone needs to teach her how to grow up. Setting: Frankie Addams is a 12 year old living in the American south in 1944. Summary: Frankie Addams is a young 12 year old living in the American South, the book is about her main frustration with feeling like she doesn’t belong as a member in any group and that she’s disconnected from the world all around her. She is the daughter of a jeweler and a mom who died during child birth. She spends most of her time being obsessed with her brothers wedding. Frankie tries to find unity with other people and this causes major conflict in the story. When Frankie tries to grow up and become apart of the adult world she notices that there is some stuff she doesn’t like about the adult world. One major thing she didn’t like is that married couples only include two people which makes her not apart of her dream of being a threesome with Jarvis and Janice. Bernice helped Frankie understand what she needed to know about the adult world and some of the struggles of being an adult. My favorite passage was â€Å"Bernice tells of a couple she knows in which a woman fell in love with a man who later had a sex change. † that was my favorite because it was so funny. My first impression was to laugh. Conclusion: I liked the ending of the story because it kind of gave some insight on how Frankie matured a little, I wouldn’t change the end. How to cite Member of the Wedding, Essay examples

Beverage Market in Strategy and Execution

Question: Discuss about the Beverage Market in Strategy and Execution. Answer: Introduction With the people growing into becoming more fitness conscious, the non carbonated beverage section is becoming one of the rapidly budding businesses. This report rests on the analysis, interpretation and advocacy of a case study of Hammer Wines Company who wishes to expand into non-alcoholic beverages. A successful trial of its fruit juices was conducted by the companys Director of Marketing exclusively for four months over regions in Australia, through retail liquor stores. In the virtue of the details furnished in the spreadsheet, the report highlights an analysis and examination of the data, the factors to be evaluated, prior final decisions along with recommendations. Analysis of the marketing potential for each flavor An imperative step before heading forward with a product is to ascertain its market potential. When it is about commencing a new product the company should possess a concrete marketing strategy not only to engage existing customers but also be endowed with appealing potential customers (Akaichi, Gil, and Nayga, 2012). Whether be it marketing of a new product or introducing a new product to the business line, both successful launching of the product garner awareness is likely to influence the success of a product. Chart shows the sale of each flavor in four months. The company has trailed with Almond, Cranberry. Lime soda, Mango Delight, Raspberry and Triple Shot Espresso flavors. Data provided in the spreadsheet illustrates that the Almond flavor has been apprehended by the customers the most, followed by Triple Shot Espresso and Mango delight. A positive trend is observed in sales of triple shot espresso, mango delight, and cranberry. It is evident from the graph that Lime soda flavor is showing a steep decline in sales in four months. Subsequently, raspberry despite being less popular among people is showing more or less deflection in the sales. The market trend highlights the unpopularity of lime soda flavor amongst the customers. Analysis of marketing potential of different regions Chart is showing Region wise sales in four months. When the sales of mixer drinks are assorted region wise, QLD NT show the highest sale. It is noticeable that sales in NSW and WA and SA are reflecting a downward inclination in subsequent months. However, the trend is not so disheartening. The company can in future promote awareness among the people via advertisement, highlighting the features of each and every flavor. Analysis of marketing potential of different retailers In the absence of services from retailers, new products cannot be popularized properly in the market. This is because the retailer has a direct contact with the customer. Chart is showing retailer wise trail sales. The Graph is displaying sales generated by the retailers in four months of trail conducted. Minimal sales have been induced by Duncan retailer throughout the trail period. The actual cause for minimal sales needs to be enquired into. The manner in which the consumers make a purchasing decision has altered dramatically. Pricing could be one of the factors. Adequate promotional measures can be resorted to boosting sales in case of Dan Murphy. Analysis of the results The sales generated by Hammer Wines reveals positive trends for its trail of mixer drinks with rising adoration for flavors of almond, mango and triple shot espresso. Revenue origination is nominal from Duncan retailer depicting poor performance. The trends are all positive when it is region wise sale. The companys marketing group has not considered similar flavors that are already existent in the market being furnished by the competitors. Unless the company is very fortunate enough to bring an entirely new product into the market, it is significant to assess the number of competitors prevailing in the market and their share in the current market through the popularity of their drinks (Nakamura et al., 2014). Another factor that has not been highlighted upon is the marketing effort and promotion of flavors adopted by the company if at all they were considered. Factors influential to introduction of a new product An introduction of a new product is influenced by factors such as the pricing strategy adopted for different flavors, cost of production incurred to achieve the final flavors, technology used for the product, transport facilities to enhance the supplies of the products, cost of inputs, such as raw material, equipment followed by different policies implemented by the government such as industrial policy, fiscal policy and prices of the complementary goods and prices of the substitute flavors, provided by the competitors (Ni Mhurchu et al., 2015) .Market Research is regarded to be key when it comes to introducing a new product in the market. It provides decisive information and direction through identification of the needs and wants of the market, product features, pricing, and channels of distribution. While test marketing the product it is vital to emphasize on the following: Ensuring that the flavors hold the features the customer desires, 2. ensuring the willingness of the customer to pay for the price asked, 3. Ascertain that the retailers are comfortable with selling the product (Loebnitz and Brring, 2015). When a goal constitutes generation of revenue and building up of strong customer base through marketing of its new product, the company should recite to targeted marketing strategy (Eshuis, Braun, and Klijn, 2013). Through identification of the target market, the company can highlight its benefits and characteristics of the product. The company should resort to marketing mix to reach out the target market through advertising and media (O'Cass and Heirati, 2015). The executive should weigh innumerable information before deciding whether to turn on with his new product. Pricing strategy applies to both marketing and product as it possesses a considerable amount of guesswork (Davidson and Simonetto, 2005). Conclusion The trail conducted by hammer wines company and the supporting data provided in the spreadsheet gives a fair view about the likeliness of the flavors by the customers in the market prior to introduction of the product. The company can work on the flaws experienced during the trial to avoid failure of its product in the future. Competitors are likely to be present in the industry which too needs to be considered. The research can be initiated primarily through collection and examination of competitors and competitors products. Industry surveys, directories of membership of industry organization, abstracts from local chambers of commerce and state agencies (Das and Mukherjee, 2007). An assimilation of all factors directly influential are to be considered for the success of the product. Recommendations from the Analysis Hammer Wines Company is recommended to provide product discounting policies, to regions with a considerable response. Retailers exhibiting maximum contribution towards the revenue experienced in a trial should be given more preference. Specific region or retailer can be dropped as the margins are low, and uptake is not high. Commemorate that the market potential has never been a static concept. It advances with the general economy and political environment. On the introduction of new flavored drinks, adequate promotional measures are to be implemented for boost and recognition of the flavors amongst the customers despite completion from its competitors. References Akaichi, F., Gil, J. and Nayga, R. (2012). Assessing the market potential for a local food product.British Food Journal, 114(1), pp.19-39. Das, P. and Mukherjee, S. (2007). Modeling of Customer Preferences on Product Features and Comparing the Competitors' Performances.Quality Engineering, 20(1), pp.53-62. Davidson, A. and Simonetto, M. (2005). Pricing strategy and execution: an overlooked way to increase revenues and profits.Strategy Leadership, 33(6), pp.25-33. Eshuis, J., Braun, E. and Klijn, E. (2013). Place Marketing as Governance Strategy: An Assessment of Obstacles in Place Marketing and Their Effects on Attracting Target Groups.Public Administration Review, 73(3), pp.507-516. Loebnitz, N. and Brring, S. (2015). Consumer Acceptance of New Food Technologies for Different Product Categories: The Relative Importance of Experience versus Credence Attributes.Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 27(4), pp.307-317. Nakamura, R., Pechey, R., Suhrcke, M., Jebb, S. and Marteau, T. (2014). Sales impact of displaying alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages in end-of-aisle locations: An observational study.Social Science Medicine, 108, pp.68-73. Ni Mhurchu, C., Brown, R., Jiang, Y., Eyles, H., Dunford, E., and Neal, B. (2015). Nutrient profile of 23 596 packaged supermarket foods and non-alcoholic beverages in Australia and New Zealand.Public Health Nutr., 19(03), pp.401-408. O'Cass, A. and Heirati, N. (2015). Mastering the complementarity between marketing mix and customer-focused capabilities to enhance new product performance.Jnl of Bus Indus Marketing, 30(1), pp.60-71.

Corporate Governance and Leadership Ethics

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance and Leadership Ethics. Answer: Leadership is an unusual position that is assigned to a person because of the organizational position that it has. The leader is something that dictates the actions of people who are working under the leader. The leaders can be good or bad, which depends hugely on the characteristics of leaders itself. Quality leaders do set examples by doing something, which is good for the humanity. However, the shadow part of leaders is such that they force the people working under them for any of their desirable works (Bethel 2012). The belief, which says that leaders are essential to make ethical decisions in the modern era of working environment, is not entirely true. This is because of several reasons, which would be mentioned in the paragraphs to follow. It has become a topic of debate that leaders are essential for making ethical decisions. This does not hold true in the modern era of working environment (Champoux 2016). Leaders, which have shadow part of leadership characteristics, can neve r make effective ethical decisions. One of the most powerful examples to support the fact can be extracted from the leadership styles of Ex-US President George Bush who willingly let the attack of planes happened to the World Trade Centre. It was termed as a terrorist attack, which most of the scientific researchers have proved wrong. The scientific evidences indirectly proved that Mr. Bush did intentionally make this happen. This is one of the examples of the modern era, which has supported the debate on the topic that leaders are not essential for making ethical decisions (Ciulla 2014). For those who think that leadership quality is necessary for making ethical decisions, they have rather the positive connotation about the leaders. They think that leaders are always good, which is very impractical from the perspectives of many believers. They do so because of the fact that history has a long list of leaders that have left a solid impression on the world of history. However, it does not at all mean that all the leaders would be of the same quality. To understand the debate between two groups on the subject topic, it is very important to understand first the modern factsheet behind the crowning of leaders (Conger and Riggio 2012). In the modern era of business or practical life, leaders are selected because of some skills that are operational based. They are hardly checked for behavioural aspects. The growing competition in the modern era in between the organization has somehow forced the organization in thinking for such leaders, which are productive. The biggest poi nt of concentration has now shifted to the production only. The personnel who are well experienced in the required domain of working, they are mostly preferred for the post of leaders (Cooper 2012). Quality leaders have hardly any demand in the changing scenario of business. For example, Vijay Mallya from India who is the CEO of Kingfisher airlines, it has several of corruption recorded to its credit. The world was respecting the particular person and was seeing to him with utter love. However, the perception is changing now because of the scandal cases, which are registered on to his credit. This is one of the simplest example that proves that it is not necessary that leaders are the only who can make essential and effective ethical decisions (Crane and Matten 2016). Mallya was found unethical with the help of caught scandal cases. It is also important to understand the different kinds of responsibilities that are bound to happen once someone is hired as a leader. This would certainly help in narrowing down the discussion that leaders in the modern era are not essential for making ethical decisions. The selection of leader also gives a collection of characteristics that are well expected from the selectors. The expected characteristics are such as power issues, information, privilege, responsibility and loyalty. Leaders who possess all the mentioned characteristics are good for the society and the organization. However, in the modern era of leadership, the definition and characteristics of leadership have been shifted to a new direction (Day and Antonakis 2012). The leadership is now more of power, which inspires most of the leaders of the modern era. According to Harvard Business Professor Rosabeth Kanter, for most of the Americans, power is the last dirty thing that they aspire of. According to her, in the mo dern era, having discussions on money and sex is the easiest of the tasks. However, it is very difficult to think on something, which is human. Some of the leaders in America have always proved their worth to the world. They are more of dominating character, which they can never sacrifice for anything. The importance of humanity has less importance in the sight of such leaders. Mr. Bush has already proved one of such examples in the accident of World Trade Centre. Unfortunately, abusive nature of power is very common in the modern era. Some of the most brutal leaders have proved the point right that leaders are not bound to make essential ethical decisions (Gasper 2016). There is a huge gap in between the kinds of leaders in the ancient time and the modern era. It does not mean that ancient leaders were not bad. One of the worst examples of ancient leaders is of Hitler whose activities were very inhuman. Hitler used to put Jews into gas chambers just because Hitler was a Christian. However, in the ancient times, world has also saw a number of ideal leaders that were good for the humanity. Some of the examples are such as Mahatma Gandhi, and John F. Kennedy who dictated the leadership style in a way, which is very different to that of Mr. Bush. This is an undeniable fact that the production of great leaders has been reduced to a considerable amount. Leaders that are not good are bound to make mistakes because power is the only concern for them. Some examples of brutal leaders do very well illustrate the fact behind the topic. Mahatma Gandhi is even respected amongst its haters. This is because of the fact that Gandhi was good for humanity. British mig ht not like the person because of the number of protests, which the person has posed to the British. However, they never ignore the sheer potential of Gandhi (Hollander 2012). In the modern era, there are several kinds of leaders, which are widely acknowledged not because of their love for human but because of their business success. One big name in this regard is of Bill Gates who is the CEO of Microsoft Corporation. The person has turned the destiny o to his favour; however, it is very difficult to say that if the leader does also has the ideal leadership quality in him. One most important fact in this regard is the distribution of power, which favours more to the leaders. They are the one who has a high rate of access to the unlimited kinds of powers. These are some of the reasons that prove that leaders are believed to make ethical decisions in the modern era. However, the fact is little different from the common perceptions of its followers. In spite of having maximum access to the in numerous resources of the organization, leaders are not very effective in making ethical decisions. For example, Unilever in Pakistan was criticised for not paying the f ixed amount of minimum wages to the labours. However, they claimed to do so, which could not be proved from the perspectives of labours. This is one of such instances, which highlights the bad sight of leaders who cares more about their business but not about the human values (Johnson 2013). It would not fair to claim that all the modern leaders have no skills, which could enable them for making ethical decisions. To understand the gap in the modern time of leaders, it is necessary to understand the different kind of leaders that exist in the modern times. Based on the types of leaders, they can be categorised as incompetent, corrupted, and motivated (Tannenbaum, Weschler and Massarik 2013). Incompetent are those leaders that have less capacity to fight with the challenging situations. These kinds of leaders are danger for the productivity of business and also for its career. These leaders find it difficult to retain its jobs, which is indeed not good for both the organization and the leader itself. This is one of the reasons that are responsible for a huge alteration of leadership in most of the modern organizations. In order to achieve and maintain the competitive advantage in the market, organizations tend to do so (McKee, Kemp and Spence 2012). Corrupted are those le aders, which can go to any level for achieving their evil desire. Productivity is anything to such leaders. In course of doing this, they even play with the ethical values of human life. This is because of the fact that these leaders are criticised for their corrupted behaviours. Motivated are those groups of leaders that are in less numbers in the modern times. The CEOs of different multinational companies such as Walmart USA, Tesco UK, Unilever, PG, Nestle, Microsoft, apple and Samsung are some of the examples of such leaders, which are highly motivated. They tend to incept the same level of motivation into their followers. This is because of the fact that these multinational companies are immensely successful. These leaders inspire the vision of an ethical standard for leaders. These leaders can essentially make ethical decisions. However, number of such leaders is very less (Menzel 2012). A less number of productions of such leaders are supporting the fact that leadership is not essential to make ethical decision. Leaders are known and remembered for such works, which have high values for the human lives. However, this is indeed interesting to know that world is not devoid of leaders, it is rather devoid of great and ideal leaders. Leaders are supposed to make decisions that are good for both the humanity and the organization. However, numbers are increasing of such leaders that are productive from the business perspectives but they are not good for the human values. Making an ethical decision for the betterment of business and the humanity is of level task (Pardey 2016). Normal employee have no access to that level but it is worth mentioning that even trustable and experienced employees could also help the organization in making the ethical decision. This is not only limited to the leadership quality but it is also related to all those who have the capabilities but h ave never tried. One of such examples is of the CEO of KFC, which is giving a strong competition to the world famous McDonalds. At the time when the CEO thought of the concept, the one was not even known to its nearest of neighbours. However, by gradually deploying new and innovative ideas, it became one of the leading billionaire of the world. Some may argue that the leadership quality that was hidden inside has compelled the CEO in turning the odd things into his favour. However, the CEO was just a normal person; the person was not any leader at that time. This indeed is important to understand that leaders are born but they take time to prove their worth to this world (Sims and Quatro 2015). Moreover, this also means that leadership is not confined only to those people who are recognized faces and are serving the organization by being at the highest position. It is rather hidden things, which needs to be identified. This simply proves that leadership quality is not the one thing, which is required to make ethical decisions. It rather requires the understanding of ethical values and the personal credibility to deliver on the self created chances. Moreover, all the leaders are not efficient enough to make ethical decisions but only those who can turn the world into their favour (Pava 2015). Positioning someone to the leadership position does not hold any guarantee for the commencement of ethical decisions. It rather depends on the true leaders that are seldom born in this world. 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